La France perd Alsace et la Lorraine et doit une indemnité de 5 milliards de francs-or. [Albert] Thomas ; sous la direction de J. Il devient président de la république de 1873-1879. Le général Trochu gouverneur de Paris démissionne le 22 janvier mais il fait une déclaration dans laquelle il préconise en réalité Paris se transforme: larges boulevards, parcs, gares et bâtiments sous la direction du préfet de la Seine : le baron Haussmann. 2000 Ans d'Histoire sur France Inter de Patrice Gélinet avec Pierre Milza (historien). Although France had started late, by 1870 it had an excellent railway system, supported as well by good roads, canals and ports.[11]. ", Spitzer, Alan B. The visit of Czar Alexander II to Paris for John[citation needed] disaster when he was twice attacked by Polish assassins, but escaped. Napoleon helped finance the Confederacy but refused to intervene actively until Britain agreed, and London always rejected intervention. Le Second Empire a permit à la France de rattraper son important retard économique. Le Second Empire a apporté à la France 18 ans de stabilité politique et de prospérité économique. To extricate himself from the Polish impasse, the emperor again proposed a congress, with no luck. The state dealt with the small Protestant community of Calvinist and Lutheran churches, whose members included many prominent businessmen who supported the regime. [7], On 2 December 1851, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who had been elected President of the Republic, staged a coup d'état by dissolving the National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so. [22], The success of the 1870 plebiscite, which should have consolidated the Empire, determined its downfall. à l'Empire Français, au Royaume Uni et au Royaume de Sardaigne. [12], Ultramontane Catholicism, emphasising the necessity for close links to the Pope at the Vatican played a pivotal role in the democratisation of culture. Felice Orsini's attack on the emperor in 1858, though purely Italian in its motive, served as a pretext for increasing the severity of this régime by the law of general security (sûreté générale) which authorised the internment, exile or deportation of any suspect without trial. Chapitre 3: Le second Empire (1852-1870). The emperor's Decree Law of 26 March 1852 led to greater government interference in Protestant church affairs, thus reducing self-regulation. But Emperor Napoleon III stressed his own imperial role as the foundation of the government. Pourquoi le Second Empire ? The new Germany was now continental Europe's dominant military force. The Empire governed by a series of plebiscites. Le Second Empire : [1852-1870]. Le 7 novembre 1852, par sénatus-consulte, la présidence décennale inscrite primitivement dans l… ", William E. Hardy, "South of the border: Ulysses S. Grant and the French intervention. The shield is topped by a golden eagle crown, surrounding the shield is the Legion d'honneur. Le second Empire (1852-1870). In July 1870, France declared war to Prussia. Rene Arnaud has presented a useful and sufficiently accurate resume under the title La Deuxi"me Rgpublique et le Second Empire.4 Some authors prefer the … "The Good Napoleon III. Pour financer le chemin de fer, l'Empereur propose un taux d'intérêt à 3%. Les débuts du Second Empire 1852 - 1860 Napoléon III est sacré Empereur le 2 décembre 1852. ", This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 18:23. Deux expositions universelles : 1855 et 1867, sont organisées à Paris pour mettre en valeur les produits et réalisations de tous les pays. At these Labour congresses, the fame of which was only increased by the fact that they were forbidden, it had been affirmed that the social emancipation of the worker was inseparable from his political emancipation. Ce régime a connu un étrange destin dans la mémoire historique des Français. A partir de 1860, l'Empire prend un tournant libéral en assouplissant la censure, libéralisant le droit de réunion et les débats parlementaires. le nord de la France. En 1870, afin de réunifier les Etats Allemands à la Prusse, le chancelier Bismarck ministre du roi Guillaume 1er de Prusse The Second Empire is given high credit for the rebuilding of Paris with broad boulevards, striking public buildings, and very attractive residential districts for upscale Parisians. Napoleon III doubled the area of the French overseas Empire; he established French rule in New Caledonia, and Cochinchina, established a protectorate in Cambodia (1863); and colonised parts of Africa. [13], The Second Empire strongly favoured Catholicism, the official state religion. Mais les Mexicains se soulèvent, les troupes françaises se retirent en 1867. L'intrigue se déroule entre 1872 et 1874, c'est-à-dire après la chute du Second Empire, qui correspond au cadre historique de l'ensemble de l'œuvre. Napoleon, in order to restore the prestige of the Empire before the newly awakened hostility of public opinion, tried to gain the support from the Left that he had lost from the Right. The commercial treaty with Great Britain in 1860 ratified the free trade policy of Richard Cobden and Michel Chevalier, had brought upon French industry the sudden shock of foreign competition. Un an après son coup d'Etat, le 2 décembre 1852, Louis Napoléon Bonaparte est proclamé Empereur [8], At that same referendum, a new constitution was approved. A major result of the ultramontane campaign was to trigger reforms to the cultural sphere, and the granting of freedoms to their political enemies: the Republicans and freethinkers. He consolidated three dozen small, incomplete lines into six major companies using Paris as a hub. Thus those who had formerly constituted the governing classes were again showing signs of their ambition to govern. [15], Napoleon began by removing the gag which was keeping the country in silence. The two collages for the 1852 Salon display paintings exhibited in the exclusive Salon Carré (the large main gallery) as recorded in a series of photographs by Gustave Le Gray that were commissioned by the state. Vers 1570 Catherine de Médicis offre à Jerome de Gondi financier florentin une maison à Saint-Cloud où il fait construit un château. In a matter of weeks the French army was surrounded and forced to surrender after the Battle of Sedan. Craignant une nouvelle restauration monarchique, un soulèvement Jean Garrigues, La France de 1848 à 1870, Armand Colin, Paris, 2002, pp. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository English: The Second French Empire (1852-1870) — the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III in France. A Paris, le 4 septembre 1870 le député Léon Gambetta proclame la république. To carry out his new overseas projects, Napoleon III created a new Ministry of the Navy and the Colonies, and appointed an energetic minister, Prosper, Marquis of Chasseloup-Laubat, to head it. [23] French overseas territories had tripled in area; in 1870 they covered almost a million square kilometres, and controlled nearly five million inhabitants. Le peuple apprend à se servir du suffrage universel. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}48°49′N 2°29′E / 48.817°N 2.483°E / 48.817; 2.483. The administration of their policies affected not only church-state relations but also the internal lives of Protestant communities. All executive power was entrusted to the emperor, who, as head of state, was solely responsible to the people. Paris grew dramatically in terms of population, industry, finance, commercial activity, and tourism. Le Second Empire était le régime bonapartiste de Napoléon III de 1852 à 1870, entre la Deuxième et la Troisième République, en France. Il veut le pouvoir absolu. [27], He had so often, while in prison or in exile, chastised previous oligarchical governments for neglecting social questions that it was imperative France now prioritise their solutions. Il découvre le 24 juin 1859 les dégâts humains du champ de bataille de Solférino. Notion suivante. In July 1870, France declared war to Prussia. 10, Le Second Empire (1852-1870) / par A. Thus both Catholics and protectionists discovered that authoritarian rule can be favourable when it serves their ambitions or interests, but not when exercised at their expense. The conquest was bloody but successful, and supported by large numbers of French soldiers, missionaries and businessmen, as well as the local Chinese entrepreneurial element. une insurrection qui durera 2 mois jusqu'à la semaine sanglante du 21 au 28 mai 1871 où les soldats versaillais ont écrasé les communards. The killing of the journalist Victor Noir by Pierre Bonaparte, a member of the imperial family, gave the revolutionaries their long desired opportunity (10 January). », ce qui aboutit à la chute de Sébastopol. Défaite de l'armée française à Sedan, Le Second Empire de 1852 à 1870 Après le coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte restaure le régime impérial en devenant l'empereur Napoléon III en 1852. It would have been difficult for the emperor to mistake the importance of this manifestation of French opinion, and in view of his international failures, impossible to repress it. The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was the regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. He met with a refusal from Prussia and from the imperial entourage. ", Price, Roger. [19][20], From 1861 to 1863 France embarked on colonising experiments in Cochinchina (southern Vietnam) and Annam (central Vietnam). The greatest achievements came in material improvements, in the form of a grand railway network that facilitated commerce and tied the nation together and centered it on Paris. [17], The Crimean War ended in 1856, a victory for Napoleon III and a resulting peace that excluded Russia from the Black Sea. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism. On 24 November 1860, he granted to the Chambers the right to vote an address annually in answer to the speech from the throne, and to the press the right of reporting parliamentary debates. Résumé du document. These inconsistencies led opposition leaders to form the Union libérale, a coalition of the Legitimist, Liberal and Republican parties. His decisions were popularly endorsed by a referendum later that month that attracted an implausible 92 percent support. mainly of the laboring classes in his Second Empire, a section of the Histoire socialiste of Jean Jaures. However, Louis-Napoléon was not content with merely being an authoritarian president. [Catherine Salles; Alain Melchior-Bonnet; Pierre Thibault; et al] Fin novembre 1852, par un vote plébiscitaire 7,8 millions de Français acceptent le rétablissement de l'empire avec pour empereur Louis-Napoléon qui prend le titre d… [12] The Emperor support of the Polish rebels alienated the Russian leadership. la capitulation de la France. La première phase va de 1852 à 1860 en Empire autoritaire, la deuxième phase va de 1860 à 1870 en Empire libéral. Rédigée hâtivement, la nouvelle Constitution est promulguée le 14 janvier 1852 et entre en vigueur fin mars. [4] That interpretation is no longer promulgated, and by the late 20th century they were celebrating it as leading example of a modernising regime. De nombreux républicains sont arrêtés ou contraints d'exile comme Victor Hugo. Louis Napoléon, nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, overthrew the republican government in late 1851, proclaimed himself emperor, and the Second Empire lasted until 1870. Dès 1852, la révolution industrielle s'accélère, la campagne se dépeuple et les villes vont doubler leur population. [16], The Ultramontane party were becoming discontented, while the industries formerly protected were dissatisfied with free trade reform. As with the December 1851 referendum, most of the "yes" votes were manufactured out of thin air. Une période de calme s’installe en France. they reserved the vital questions of Venetia and Poland. Le Second Empire s'est terminé accidentellement et non pas à cause de ses contradictions. C‘est aussi le lieu ou Henri III meurt assassiné par le moine Jacques Clément. Devenu quartier général de l’armée allemande pendant le conflit et le siège de Paris, le château est bombardé et incendié en octobre 1870 par les canons français. During the battle of Sedan (2 September 1970), the Emperor was captured by the Prussians and dethroned on 4 September. Alors qu’il est président des Français et en opposition avec l’assemblée conservatrice, Louis-Napoléon organise le Coup d’État du 2 décembre 1851, qui lui permet d’imposer une nouvelle constitution, et bientôt d’imposer l’Empire. ", Patrick J. Harrigan, "Secondary education and the professions in France during the Second Empire. Alors que les prussiens et leurs alliés occupent Ce dernier en fit sa résidence préférée. A keen Catholic opposition sprang up, voiced in Louis Veuillot's paper the Univers, and was not silenced even by the Syrian expedition (1860) in favour of the Catholic Maronite side of the Druze–Maronite conflict. [Jean] Jaurès By Albert (1878-1932). The official declaration of the Second Empire, at the Hôtel de Ville, Paris on 2 December 1852 With almost dictatorial powers, Napoleon III made building a good railway system a high priority. Le 10 mai 1871, Thiers signe avec Bismarck le traité de Francfort prévoyant la capitulation de Paris assiégés par les Allemands depuis He was aided by international events such as the reopening of cotton supplies when the American Civil War ended in 1865, by the apparent closing of the Roman question by the convention of 15 September, which guaranteed to the Papal States the protection of Italy, and finally by the treaty of 30 October 1864, which temporarily put an end to the crisis of the Schleswig-Holstein question. A limited amount of upward mobility was feasible, thanks to the steadily improved educational system. Le succès de l'opération est immédiat. Le compte-rendu des séances des Chambres est rendu public et le Corps législatif se voit doté de nouveaux pouvoirs (le droit d'adresse qui est une réponse au discours du trône, le contrôle du budget). Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, neveu de Napoléon Ier, a conduit les destinées de la France pendant près de deux décennies, du coup d'État de 1851 à la défaite de 1870, durant une période qualifiée de Second Empire (le premier Empire étant celui fondé par son oncle). "Palmerston and Anglo-French Relations, 1846–1865. Napoleon himself became a prisoner and Republican forces quickly took control of Paris. Les députés obtiennent le pouvoir de proposer des lois. Napoléon III est fait prisonnier, cet échec entraînant la formation du second Reich. The sacrifice of minister Persigny of the interior, who was responsible for the elections, the substitution for the ministers without portfolio of a sort of presidency of the council filled by Eugène Rouher, the "Vice-Emperor", and the nomination of Jean Victor Duruy, an anti-clerical, as minister of public instruction, in reply to those attacks of the Church which were to culminate in the Syllabus of 1864, all indicated a distinct rapprochement between the emperor and the Left. fait circuler une fausse nouvelle dans la dépêche d'Ems espérant une guerre contre la France. qui contrôle la presse, les réunions et les opposants. France - France - The Second Empire, 1852–70: Posterity’s image of Napoleon III and his regime has not been uniform. The elite maintained their position while allowing social ascent the professions for ambitious sons of wealthy farmers and small-town merchants. Legally he had broad powers but in practice he was limited by legal, customary, and moral deterrents. The French army went home; the puppet emperor did not leave and was executed. Typically political roles were part of routine administrative duties. The working classes had abandoned their political neutrality. On construit depuis Paris des routes et réseaux de chemins de fer à Parce que c’est un régime porté par un Bonaparte, et que Napoléon Bonaparte était le fondateur du Premier Empire qui prend fin en 1814-1815. Catholic bureaucrats both misunderstood Protestant doctrine and were biased against it. Il reçoit de Napoléon III le bâton de maréchal et il est titré duc de Magenta. Par cet ensemble de mesures, l'empereur … Par le coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851, Louis Napoléon Bonaparte consacre la fin de la IIe République. ", Alan B. Spitzer, "The Good Napoleon III. ", Mathew Burrows, "‘Mission civilisatrice’: French cultural policy in the Middle East, 1860–1914. He promoted French business and exports. Patrice de Mac Mahon, comte de Mac Mahon 1808-1879. Le Second Empire est le système constitutionnel et politique instauré en France le 2 décembre 1852 lorsque Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, président de la République française, devient le souverain Napoléon III, empereur des Français, un an jour pour jour après son coup d'État du 2 décembre 1851. The United States warned that recognition would mean war. Après 1859, afin d'obtenir plus de popularité Napoléon III assouplit son régime pour un Empire libéral. Le « césarisme démocratique » La Constitution de 1852 donne l'essentiel des pouvoirs au chef de l'Etat. His son Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was born the same year, which promised a continuation of the dynasty.[12]. [12], The Empire, taken by surprise, sought to curb both the middle classes and the labouring classes, and forced them both into revolutionary actions. Ce régime a connu un étrange destin dans la mémoire historique des Français. Le régime évolue vers un système parlementaire à l'anglaise, sous l'influence de Charles-Auguste de Morny, demi-frère de l'empereur. Un an après son coup d'Etat, le 2 décembre 1852, Louis Napoléon Bonaparte est proclamé Empereur des Français sous le nom de Napoléon III. Pascal Rougon est le fils de Pierre Rougon et de Félicité Puech. France was victorious and gained Savoy and Nice. The Second Empire continued the system; proposed innovations were stalled by officials. The smaller German states rallied behind Prussia, while the large French army proved to be poorly armed, poorly trained, and, led by the Emperor himself, very poorly commanded. It was in vain that after the parliamentary revolution of 2 January 1870, Comte Daru revived, through Lord Clarendon, Count Beust's plan of disarmament after the Battle of Königgrätz. ", CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919), Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_French_Empire&oldid=996805726, States and territories established in 1852, States and territories disestablished in 1870, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Schnerb, Robert.